Key Insights
Essential data points from our research
The global fashion industry generates approximately 92 million tonnes of textile waste annually
Fashion waste is projected to soar by 60% between 2015 and 2030 to 148 million tonnes
Global clothing production doubled between 2000 and 2014 exceeding 100 billion garments per year
The fashion industry is responsible for 10% of annual global carbon emissions
Textile production uses approximately 93 billion cubic meters of water annually contributing to drought
Producing a single pair of jeans requires approximately 7500 liters of water
The average consumer buys 60% more items of clothing year than they did 15 years ago
Consumers keep each garment for half as long as they did 15 years ago
On average a piece of clothing is worn only 7 to 10 times before being discarded
Less than 1% of material used to produce clothing is recycled into new clothing
Only 12% of textile material is recycled down into lower value applications like insulation
73% of the world's clothing eventually ends up in landfills or is incinerated
The global economy loses over $500 billion USD annually due to underutilization of clothing and lack of recycling
The cost of managing textile waste in New York City alone exceeds $20 million per year
The Kantamanto Market in Ghana receives 15 million used garments every week mostly waste
Consumer Usage & Habits
- The average consumer buys 60% more items of clothing year than they did 15 years ago
- Consumers keep each garment for half as long as they did 15 years ago
- On average a piece of clothing is worn only 7 to 10 times before being discarded
- 33% of women usually wear clothing just a few times before buying something new according to surveys
- One in three young women in the UK consider clothes to be old after wearing them once or twice
- Americans throw away approximately 81 pounds of clothing per person per year
- 85% of textiles thrown away in the US are dumped into landfills or burned regardless of condition
- 50% of people have thrown unwanted clothes in the general trash rather than donating or recycling
- 20% of unworn clothing in the UK hangs in wardrobes known as the gray wardrobe
- Returns of online clothing purchases reach up to 40% with many ending up as waste due to processing costs
- 25% of global consumers are willing to pay a premium for sustainably produced clothing
- 9 out of 10 Gen Z consumers believe companies have a responsibility to address environmental and social issues
- 64% of consumers claim to buy fewer better quality items but sales data contradicts this
- The average American family spends $1700 on clothes annually
- In the UK the average lifetime of a garment is estimated at just 2.2 years
- Nearly 60% of consumers admit to having clothes in their closet they have never worn with tags still on
- Impulse buying accounts for a significant portion of fast fashion purchases with 52% of millennials engaging in it
- 40% of consumers say social media influences their fashion purchasing decisions driving trend turnover
- The number of fashion collections per year has increased from 2 in 2000 to 52 micro-seasons in 2020
- Extending the life of clothing by just nine months would reduce carbon waste and water footprints by 20-30%
Interpretation
Fast fashion has turned closets into short-term storage for trend clones, with people buying far more and keeping garments for far less, wearing many items fewer than ten times before they are dumped or burned, fed by social media, endless micro-seasons, impulse buys and cheap returns, even though simply wearing clothes nine months longer could cut the industry’s carbon and water footprints by up to thirty percent.
Economic & Industry Implications
- The global economy loses over $500 billion USD annually due to underutilization of clothing and lack of recycling
- The cost of managing textile waste in New York City alone exceeds $20 million per year
- The Kantamanto Market in Ghana receives 15 million used garments every week mostly waste
- 40% of the used clothing imported into Ghana becomes waste almost immediately causing local ecological crises
- Fast fashion brands have seen a 97% decrease in profit margins on individual items requiring volume sales
- The secondhand apparel market is valued at $28 billion and projected to reach $64 billion by 2024
- Textile waste management costs UK councils roughly £82 million annually
- African nations spend millions annually managing the waste burden of imported 'dead white man's clothes'
- Low wages in production countries are linked to waste as low cost allows brands to overproduce without financial risk
- The EU proposed legislation to make brands financially responsible for the end-of-life of their products
- France has a mandatory Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) scheme costing brands fees for every item sold
- Chilean desert landfills of unsold fast fashion are now visible from space
- The global fast fashion market size was valued at $106 billion in 2022 encouraging rapid turnover
- Brands burn unsold stock worth millions to avoid discounting which would devalue their image
- Textile waste diversion could create 20 jobs for every 1 job in landfilling
- 80% of Ethiopia's garment workers leave the industry within a year causing instability and efficiency loss
- The total capitalized value of the circular fashion market could be $5 trillion
- Lack of textile-to-textile recycling infrastructure represents a missed revenue opportunity of $100 billion per year
- The US exports over $660 million worth of used clothing annually shifting the disposal cost abroad
- 28 million tonnes of waste could be saved by 2028 if the circular economy is adopted heavily
Interpretation
Fast fashion is a profitable illusion that cannibalizes value and ethics, turning more than $500 billion a year into mountains of waste visible from space, flooding markets like Ghana’s Kantamanto with millions of unwanted garments every week, forcing cities and poorer countries to pay millions for cleanup, burning unsold stock to protect brand image, and squandering a multitrillion-dollar circular opportunity and millions of decent jobs.
End-of-Life & Recycling
- Less than 1% of material used to produce clothing is recycled into new clothing
- Only 12% of textile material is recycled down into lower value applications like insulation
- 73% of the world's clothing eventually ends up in landfills or is incinerated
- Polyester which is plastic-based takes between 20 and 200 years to decompose in a landfill
- The recycling rate for textiles in the US was only 14.7% in 2018
- Blended fibers such as poly-cotton make up large portion of market but are commercially impossible to recycle at scale
- It is estimated that 30% of donated clothes are never resold and end up in ragged markets or landfills
- Chemical recycling of polyester accounts for less than 0.1% of global production
- Sorting textiles for recycling is still largely manual limiting the speed and scalability of recovery
- Secondhand clothing trade exports roughly 4 million tonnes of used textiles annually
- Approximately 60% of donated clothes in the US are exported to developing countries
- Incineration of unsold stock is standard practice for luxury and fast fashion brands to protect brand value
- Fibre-to-fibre recycling could scale to 18-26% of gross textile waste by 2030 with investment
- Only 13% of the total material input for clothing is recycled after use
- Recommerce or resale of clothing is expected to grow 11 times faster than traditional retail by 2025
- Automated sorting technologies could unlock $700 million in value from waste in Europe alone
- 80% of valuable textile waste in Europe is currently lost to incineration or landfill
- Without new technologies the global volume of textile waste sent to landfill could increase 25% by 2030
- Closed-loop recycling systems are utilized for less than 1 million tons of textiles globally
- The breakdown of biodegradable fabrics in anaerobic landfills can still result in methane production if not managed
Interpretation
Fast fashion is quietly outsourcing our future to landfills and incinerators, with less than one percent of clothing reborn as new garments, most textile recycling relegated to low-value uses or blocked by blended fibers and manual sorting, polyester lingering for decades, luxury brands burning unsold stock, and only modest technical fixes such as fibre to fibre recycling and automated sorting offering hope if they are financed and scaled fast enough to avert a major surge of waste by 2030.
Environmental Pollution & Resources
- The fashion industry is responsible for 10% of annual global carbon emissions
- Textile production uses approximately 93 billion cubic meters of water annually contributing to drought
- Producing a single pair of jeans requires approximately 7500 liters of water
- About 20% of global wastewater comes from fabric dyeing and treatment
- Clothing textiles produce 35% of primary microplastics leaked into the global environment
- A single laundry load of polyester clothes can discharge 700000 microplastic fibres
- Cotton production for textiles accounts for 24% of insecticides and 11% of pesticides globally
- Viscose production is linked to the logging of 150 million trees annually often from ancient forests
- The carbon footprint of a polyester shirt is double that of a cotton shirt at 5.5 kg CO2e vs 2.1 kg CO2e
- Textile dyeing treatment releases over 1900 distinct chemicals into aquatic ecosystems
- Fast fashion emissions are expected to grow by 50% by 2030 if current trends continue
- Leather tanning utilizes chromium which pollutes water supplies and endangers workers in developing nations
- The water footprint of the EU's textile consumption used 4000 million m3 of water in 2020
- Converting forests into wood pulp for fabric releases carbon stored in trees exacerbating climate change
- Incinerating synthetic clothes releases toxic dioxins and acid gases into the atmosphere
- Textile waste decomposition in landfills releases methane a greenhouse gas 28 times more potent than CO2
- It takes 2700 liters of water to make one cotton t-shirt enough for one person to drink for 2.5 years
- Microfibers from textiles have been found in the deepest parts of the ocean including the Mariana Trench
- Current textile production accounts for more radiation of greenhouse gases than all international flights and maritime shipping combined
- Nitrogen and phosphorus run-off from growing textile fibres contributes significantly to eutrophication
Interpretation
Fast fashion sells us cheap clothes and expensive consequences, producing about 10% of global carbon emissions and more greenhouse gases than all international flights and shipping combined, guzzling roughly 93 billion cubic meters of water a year and thousands of liters per garment from 2,700 liters for a cotton t-shirt to 7,500 liters for a pair of jeans, polluting one fifth of global wastewater with dyes and nearly 1,900 chemicals, driving substantial pesticide and insecticide use in cotton farming, felling some 150 million trees for viscose, leaching chromium from leather tanning into water supplies, shedding hundreds of thousands of microfibers per wash often around 700,000 that have been found as far down as the Mariana Trench, and sending mountains of waste into landfills or incinerators that emit methane and toxic dioxins, with overall emissions set to rise by about 50% by 2030 if we don’t change course.
Global Production & Waste Volume
- The global fashion industry generates approximately 92 million tonnes of textile waste annually
- Fashion waste is projected to soar by 60% between 2015 and 2030 to 148 million tonnes
- Global clothing production doubled between 2000 and 2014 exceeding 100 billion garments per year
- Textile waste generation in the United States alone is approximately 17 million tons per year
- The EU generates 12.6 million tonnes of textile waste per year
- China produces approximately 26 million tonnes of textile waste annually
- Australians discard 23 kilograms of clothing per person every year
- In Hong Kong approximately 343 tonnes of textile waste are dumped into landfills daily
- Canada generates about 1.3 billion tonnes of textile waste annually based on pilot studies
- The volume of textile waste generated globally is equivalent to one garbage truck of clothes being burned or landfilled every second
- UK households produce roughly 336000 tonnes of unwanted clothing annually
- Pre-consumer waste typically accounts for 15% of the fabric used in garment manufacturing due to cutting scraps
- Deadstock or unsold inventory accounts for nearly 30% of all goods produced in the fashion industry
- Synthetic fibers which contribute to waste volume grew from 20% of fibre production in 2000 to over 60% in 2020
- France generates approximately 600000 tonnes of textile clothing and linen waste per year
- The city of NYC spends over $20 million annually just to landfill textile waste
- Nordic countries generate around 350000 tonnes of textile waste annually
- It is estimated that more than 100 billion garments are produced globally every year mostly ending as waste
- Post-consumer textile waste in the EU amounts to 5.8 million tonnes annually or 11kg per person
- Small island developing states face disproportionate textile waste accumulation due to imports with nowhere to export
Interpretation
We make over 100 billion garments a year and literally fill a garbage truck with clothes every second, a runaway, synthetic-fueled throwaway economy that buries mountains of unsold and scrap fabric, costs cities millions, and leaves poorer nations and islands to pick up the toxic bill.
References
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