Key Insights
The fashion industry is responsible for 10% of annual global carbon emissions, more than all international flights and maritime shipping combined
Approximately 20% of global wastewater comes from textile dyeing and finishing
It takes about 2,700 liters of water to make a single cotton shirt, enough for one person to drink for 2.5 years
85% of all textiles go to the dump each year rather than being recycled or reused
The equivalent of one garbage truck of nearly new clothes is thrown away or burned every second
Less than 1% of materials used to produce clothing are recycled into new clothing
66% of global consumers are willing to pay more for sustainable goods
75% of Gen Z shoppers state that sustainability is more important to them than brand name
52% of consumers check for greenwashing before buying from a brand
93% of brands surveyed by the Fashion Checker do not pay garment workers a living wage
Approximately 80% of garment workers worldwide are women
It is estimated that 40 to 60 million people work in the garment industry globally
The global ethical fashion market size is expected to reach $10 billion by 2025
The secondhand apparel market is projected to grow 3X faster than the global apparel market overall
The global sustainable fashion market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 9.1% from 2022 to 2030
Consumer Behavior
66% of global consumers are willing to pay more for sustainable goods
75% of Gen Z shoppers state that sustainability is more important to them than brand name
52% of consumers check for greenwashing before buying from a brand
90% of Gen Z consumers believe companies have a responsibility to address environmental and social issues
Searches for "sustainable fashion" increased by 66% on Pinterest in 2023
42% of millennials say they want to know what goes into products and how they are made before buying
88% of consumers worldwide want brands to help them be more environmentally friendly and ethical in their daily lives
Buying one used item reduces its carbon, waste, and water footprints by 82%
62% of Gen Z and Millennials look for an item secondhand before buying it new
35% of consumers have switched from their preferred brand to another because it credibly stands for positive environmental and/or social practices
Only 47% of consumers trust brand sustainability claims
65% of buyers try to buy high quality items that last longer to be more sustainable
57% of shoppers are willing to change their purchasing habits to reduce negative environmental impact
Consumer demand for ethical fashion has led to a 500% increase in sustainable product listings on major retail sites over 3 years
67% of consumers consider the use of sustainable materials as an important purchasing factor
1 in 3 consumers say they will stop buying from their favorite brand if they lose trust in its sustainability efforts
Vegan leather' searches increased by 69% year-on-year according to Lyst
28% of consumers have started buying second-hand clothes to reduce their environmental impact
60% of consumers reported that they are less interested in fast fashion than they were before the COVID-19 pandemic
Repairing clothes is becoming popular with 57% of consumers willing to repair items to extend their life
Interpretation
Fashion’s new dress code is ethics: shoppers, especially Gen Z, are willing to pay more, scrutinize brands for greenwashing and transparency, hunt secondhand or repair to cut footprints, and have driven surging searches and a 500% rise in sustainable listings, which means companies must act on environmental and social responsibility or risk losing customers’ trust.
Environmental Impact
The fashion industry is responsible for 10% of annual global carbon emissions, more than all international flights and maritime shipping combined
Approximately 20% of global wastewater comes from textile dyeing and finishing
It takes about 2,700 liters of water to make a single cotton shirt, enough for one person to drink for 2.5 years
Synthetic fibers like polyester release half a million tons of plastic microfibers into the ocean every year
35% of all primary microplastics released into the environment are from laundering synthetic textiles
Conventional cotton farming is responsible for 24% of the world's insecticide use
Fashion production makes up 10% of humanity’s carbon emissions, dries up water sources, and pollutes rivers and streams
The apparel industry's global emissions will increase by 50% by 2030 if current pathways remain unchecked
Making a pair of jeans produces as much greenhouse gases as driving a car for more than 80 miles
Textile dyes are the second largest polluter of water globally
Washing clothes releases 500,000 tons of microfibers into the ocean each year, the equivalent of 50 billion plastic bottles
70 million barrels of oil concern are used each year to make the world’s polyester fiber
Leather production tanning processes utilize 3 major chemicals—chromium, aldehydes, and vegetable tannins—which are significant pollutants
Organic cotton produces 46% less CO2e compared to conventional cotton
Avoiding one kilogram of nylon production reduces greenhouse gas emissions by an estimated 15 kilograms of CO2 equivalent
Soil degradation from overgrazing of cashmere goats has turned 90% of Mongolia's grassland into desert
Viscose production is linked to the logging of 150 million trees annually
Every year, 43 million tonnes of chemicals are used in textile production
The carbon footprint of a polyester shirt is approximately double that of a cotton shirt (5.5 kg CO2e vs 2.1 kg CO2e)
Textile production contributes more to climate change than international aviation and shipping combined
Interpretation
If fashion were a country it would be a top polluter, producing about 10 percent of global carbon emissions—more than international aviation and shipping combined—while siphoning and poisoning freshwater through dyeing, pouring half a million tons of plastic microfibers into the ocean each year, decimating forests and grasslands for fibers, and, unless we change course, increasing its emissions roughly 50 percent by 2030.
Labor & Ethics
93% of brands surveyed by the Fashion Checker do not pay garment workers a living wage
Approximately 80% of garment workers worldwide are women
It is estimated that 40 to 60 million people work in the garment industry globally
Less than 2% of garment workers globally earn a fair living wage
In Bangladesh, the minimum wage covers only 60% of the cost of living in a slum
25 million people are estimated to be in forced labor, with fashion being a high-risk industry
Only 17% of fashion brands disclose their Tier 1 supplier lists down to the address
77% of UK retailers believe there is likely modern slavery in their supply chains
Garment workers in Ethiopia earn a base wage of $26 a month, the lowest in the global textile supply chain
170 million children are engaged in child labor, with many in cotton, textile and garment industries
Home-based workers in the fashion supply chain often earn less than 50% of the minimum wage
Over 1,100 workers died in the Rana Plaza collapse, highlighting unsafe working conditions in 2013
80% of fashion supply chain workers have no access to social protection or sick pay
Cotton production involves forced labor in 1 in 4 top producing countries
Migrant women make up a significant portion of the textile workforce and are highly vulnerable to abuse
54% of brands scored 0-20% on the Fashion Transparency Index regarding their social and environmental policies
Only 5% of brands can demonstrate that they pay their workers a living wage
Unionization rates in the garment sector are often below 10%, restricting bargaining power
In India, 60% of spinning mill workers are adolescent girls, often under Sumangali schemes (bonded labor)
Wage theft in the garment industry during the pandemic cost workers an estimated $500 million
Interpretation
These statistics reveal a brutally honest stitch in the global fashion fabric: 93% of brands fail to pay a living wage and under 2% of workers earn a fair living wage, while 40 to 60 million people—mostly women and many children—labor in opaque, unsafe, and often coercive supply chains where forced labor, wage theft, and deadly factory collapses are the hidden cost of cheap clothes.
Market Growth & Trends
The global ethical fashion market size is expected to reach $10 billion by 2025
The secondhand apparel market is projected to grow 3X faster than the global apparel market overall
The global sustainable fashion market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 9.1% from 2022 to 2030
Resale is expected to overtake fast fashion by 2030
Following a circular economy path could unlock $560 billion in economic opportunity for the fashion industry
The online clothing rental market is expected to reach $2.08 billion by 2025
Bio-based materials market in fashion is increasing with a CAGR of over 20%
Investments in sustainable textile innovation reached $2.2 billion in 2021
The market for vegan leather is set to reach $89 billion by 2025
Legislation in the EU regarding Digital Product Passports is driving market shifts towards traceability
Certified B Corp fashion brands have increased by over 40% in the last 2 years
The global organic cotton market is expected to reach $6.7 billion by 2027
Repair and care services in retail are expected to grow by 12% annually
Green bonds issued by fashion companies to fund sustainability projects reached $1.5 billion in 2020
40% of fashion executives see sustainable materials as the biggest driver of industry growth in the coming decade
The luxury resale market is growing 4 times faster than the primary luxury market
On-demand manufacturing is projected to reduce inventory costs by 30% for brands adopting it
The share of sustainable apparel in the total apparel market is expected to rise to 6.1% by 2026
15% of global fashion consumers have already adopted clothing rental subscriptions
Secondhand clothing sales worldwide are expected to reach $350 billion by 2027
Interpretation
Fashion is finally trading fast trends for lasting value: ethical and sustainable segments are ballooning into multibillion-dollar markets, from a projected $10 billion ethical market and $89 billion vegan leather by 2025 to $350 billion in secondhand sales by 2027, as resale, rental and circular models grow far faster than traditional apparel and are on track to overtake fast fashion by 2030; the sustainable fashion market is expected to expand at about 9.1 percent annually through 2030 while bio-based materials surge at over 20 percent, investments, green bonds and certifications are rising, on demand manufacturing and repair services promise big cost and waste reductions, and EU traceability rules plus a roughly $560 billion circular opportunity are aligning incentives so that sustainability is becoming the industry’s primary growth engine.
Waste & Recycling
85% of all textiles go to the dump each year rather than being recycled or reused
The equivalent of one garbage truck of nearly new clothes is thrown away or burned every second
Less than 1% of materials used to produce clothing are recycled into new clothing
Textile waste has increased by 811% since 1960 in the United States alone
The average number of times a garment is worn before it ceases to be used has decreased by 36% compared to 15 years ago
Consumers discard clothing after only 7 to 10 wears on average
95% of worn textiles can be recycled or repurposed, yet they usually end up in landfills
In the UK, WRAP estimates that £140 million worth of clothing goes into landfill each year
Extending the life of clothing by just 9 months of active use would reduce carbon, water and waste footprints by 20-30% each
Approximately 15% of fabric intended for clothing ends up on the cutting room floor as waste
11.3 million tons of textile waste ended up in US landfills in 2018
Man-made cellulosic fibers like rayon make up the third largest share of global fiber production yet have low recycling rates
Only 12% of material used for clothing globally ends up being recycled in some form (mostly downcycling)
30% of clothes produced each season are never sold
The average American throws away approximately 81 pounds of clothing every year
By 2030, it is expected that there will be 148 million tons of fashion waste annually
Upcycling (creative reuse) reduces the volume of discarded materials and waste by utilizing existing materials
60% of consumers say they have clothes in their wardrobe they have never worn
Sorting textiles for recycling costs more than the value of the recycled material in many cases, hindering progress
Ghana’s Kantamanto market receives 15 million items of used clothing weekly, 40% of which ends up as immediate waste
Interpretation
Fast fashion has turned our wardrobes into landfills, with 85% of textiles dumped each year, less than 1% recycled into new clothing and only about 12% recycled in any form, a garbage truck of nearly new garments thrown away or burned every second, 30% of seasonal stock never sold and fashion waste projected to reach 148 million tons by 2030, yet simply wearing clothes nine months longer or embracing upcycling could cut carbon, water and waste footprints 20 to 30 percent if we can overcome the economic and sorting barriers exposed by markets like Ghana’s Kantamanto, which receives 15 million used items weekly and discards 40 percent immediately.
Sources & References
Learn more about our research methodology and data verification process on our About page.